November 29, 2023
War on Gaza and Pedagogy of the Oppressed
Dr. Mahboob A. Khawaja, PhD.
Rational Questions Need Rational Answers
How do you dismantle temptation and compulsion of evil from an egoistic sadistic mind? How do you prevent tyranny of evil causing moral, intellectual and political deprivation leading to bombed and flattened humanity across Gaza? The UN Security Council reflects a dead-ended culture of thinking and action to “save the humanity from the scourge of war” and manifests incompetence to its obligations under the Charter. The Five so-called superpowers symbolically discuss the crisis which warrants urgent remedial action for peace and preservation of human lives but are engaged in fanaticism of debates against the wishes of the global community urging for a permanent ceasefire, return to normalcy and protection of the vulnerable civilian population. According to the UN some 1.8 millions people forcibly displaced by Israeli bombing and military actions across Gaza.
The US and some of the West European leaders giggled and watched the genocidal events happening during the insane bombing of Gaza. Effective leaders know their moral and intellectual strength and weaknesses and never use military options as the sole strategy of political hegemony. Contrary to the lesson of history, America and Israel view war as a favored strategy to conclude a finished answer on Palestine. If America and West European wanted, the war on Gaza could have been averted into a peace dialogue. While an unbridgeable disconnect is noticeable, Western leaders rely on making fake statements about the Two States solution. Most often impressionistic predicaments are not grounded on solid evidence supporting people’s lifelines in Gaza and occupied West Bank in Palestine. The indiscriminate bombing of Gaza destroyed all the basic norms of human civility, decency and survival of the civilian masses. American and West European leaders claimed Israel’s “right to defend itself” but defy the logic of honesty to assert the same right for the people of Palestine. Their irrational doctrine affirms the presumption for Israel to continue the war against an oppressed people for over 16 years in Gaza. Tyranny is always powerless and transitory as Israelis and Palestinians live in fear of mutual annihilation. This could only be transformed into benevolence and justice through a peaceful dialogue and not to tyranny of continued occupation.
War against Besieged Masses and Urgency to Restore Normalcy
“It’s Not The ‘Israel-Hamas War’, It’s The Israel-Gaza Massacre” (Information Clearing House: 10/15/23), Caitlin Johnstone clarifies the catastrophic events: Stop calling it the “Israel-Hamas war”. It’s the Israel-Gaza massacre. Calling it the Israel-Hamas war creates the false impression that this is a war that is directed exclusively at Hamas when it’s really an ethnic purge that’s directed at all Palestinians in Gaza. https://informationclearinghouse.blog/2023/10/15/its-not-the-israel-hamas-war-its-the-israel-gaza-massacre/
The WHO- Geneva warns of the ‘tsunami of diseases’ in the making if immediate preventive measures are not taken to remove the rubble, dead bodies and restore functional hospitals and increased supplies of fuel, clean water, foods and well being of the displaced people. While the US and West European leaders offer lip service, canons of fairness demand equal treatment of both parties to the conflict. Palestinians are worthy of human dignity and rights as are the Israelis”, and “Two States - Israel and Palestine.” “Gaza: War on We, the People and Arab-Muslimﾒs Shame”
To unlock the claimed impunity, the UNO or the ICC should call for an investigation to the violations of the Geneva Conventions of Humanitarian International Law and crimes against humanity. The UN-Security Council failed to stop the madness of war against highly vulnerable civilian population in Gaza. As of now according to the UN reports, some 15,000 civilians killed , some 30,000 or more injured and some 6,500 or more children and women killed during the month long Israeli bombing campaign. It is reported that 1,147 Israeli were killed on October 7, when Hamas attacked the Southern region of Israel and approximately 1,000 Israeli soldiers wounded according to the Haraatez newspaper. One wonders how do you justify war on the civilians, hospitals, schools and places of worship across Gaza? Please see more by this author: https://www.uncommonthought.com/mtblog/archives/2023/10/31/the-war-on-gaza-humanity-is-being-destroyed-by-the-madness-of-war-and-inept-leadership.php
The Spacious Earth is a Trust not to be Bombed and Destroyed
We live on Earth that sustains all forms of living things, yet human ignorance, arrogance and insanity are at work to destroy the essential foundation of our own lives. Weapons of wars are the weapons of mass destruction being used without any sense of accountability. We, the people are rational beings with a choice of righteousness and wickedness to act in human affairs. Do we the mankind have any collective sense of responsibility and accountability to protect the Earth and its imperatives in life?
“God is nearer to you than your jugular vein”, and “Fear God” and ‘do not violate the covenants of peace and trust on earth’, the Divine reminders (Quran) echoes the messages conveyed by Prophets Abraham, Moses, Jesus and Mohammad. Human glory lives in the conception of good and righteousness, not in wickedness and genocidal plans. The Earth is a living entity and is meant for us - the human beings, not for bombardment and destruction. The Divine warning (Chapter 7: 56: The Quran), is self-explanatory: Do no mischief on the Earth after it hath been set in order, but call on God with fear and longing in hearts ; For the Mercy of God is always near to those who do good.
More specifically, the Quran (2: 83-84) and Torah remind the generations of Israelite:
And remember, We took a Covenant from the Children of Israel (progeny of Jacob), Worship none but God; ….shed no blood amongst you, Nor displace people from your homes: and Ye solemnly ratified, And to this ye can bear witness.
If the Israelite believe in God and Torah, human blood should not be shed on a precarious scheme to expel Palestinians from their ancestral homes. Arguably the War on Gaza substantiates the wide range of evidence to forcibly displace the civilians from North to South, genocidal acts of bombing and “crimes against humanity” impacting the unprotected population, bombardment of hospitals, stopping of foods, fuel, medicine, water and attacks on places of worship. While a ceasefire pause in place, Israeli forces continue to raid the West Bank, Janine and kill targeted civilians and children in the occupied region. This dreadful culture of thinking and action will diminish all peaceful prospects for reconciliation and the Two States solution.
What is the end game after the planned destruction of Gaza? America and Israel just want to see the hostages freed and continued occupation of Gaza for some time. Logic and Reason is tainted by Israeli extremist political ideology to maintain war and violence by all means. Paranoid and vengeful egoistic Israeli PM Netanyahu would opt for more conflicts to ensure his political survival and extremist’s agenda to drive Palestinians out of Gaza into the unknown. Most Arab leaders are the puppets of Western imperialism. Do the Arab-Muslim leaders have a vision and plan to restore normalcy to Gazans and to pursue a Two State Solution? We, the Conscientious People of the world call for an immediate formulation of an International Peace Team comprising of the US, EU, Russia, China, Israel and Palestine to stop the war and organize a dialogue for a permanent ceasefire and peacemaking.
Dr. Mahboob A. Khawaja specializes in international affairs-global security, peace and conflict resolution and has spent several academic years across the Russian-Ukrainian and Central Asian regions knowing the people, diverse cultures of thinking and political governance and a keen interest in Islamic-Western comparative cultures and civilizations, and author of several publications including the latest: One Humanity and the Remaking of Global Peace, Security and Conflict Resolution. 12/2019.
Anadolu Agency – November 28, 2023
241 Palestinian killed by Israeli fire in West Bank since October 7
A second Palestinian on Tuesday was killed in Israeli fire near Ramallah, a city in the central occupied West Bank.
The official Palestinian news agency Wafa identified him as Malik Daghra, 17, from the village of Kafr Ain, northwest of Ramallah, who was seriously shot before being pronounced dead at the hospital.
Eyewitnesses told Anadolu that clashes erupted in Kafr Ain after Israeli forces raided the village.
Earlier on Tuesday, the Israeli army also killed a Palestinian in the town of Beitunia, west of Ramallah, and injured several Palestinians.
The clashes erupted near Beitunia as hundreds of Palestinians gathered near the Ofer Prison facility to await the release of Palestinian prisoners.
Tensions have been high across the West Bank since fighting broke out on Oct. 7 between Palestinian groups and Israel in Gaza.
A total of 241 Palestinians have been killed by the Israeli forces in the West Bank since Oct. 7 in addition to over 2,850 others injured, according to the West Bank-based Palestinian Health Ministry.
Countercurrent – November 29, 2023
More than 1 million now taking shelter in UN facilities in Gaza
by Amjad Ayman Yaghi
Rains and winds have intensified throughout the Gaza Strip since 17 November. Palestinians are facing the onset of winter without proper clothing, shelter and blankets.
The sense of fear is palpable.
Despite the truce, Palestinians in Gaza cannot return to homes that no longer exist or retrieve belongings that have been incinerated.
The displaced continue to overcrowd shelters. Not just in schools, but in any enclosed space in southern Gaza: shops, office buildings and warehouses.
As winter approaches, displaced Palestinians in Gaza are desperate for shelter from the cold.
Iman al-Najjar, 39, was shocked by the heavy rains that fell on 19 November.
She has been sheltering with her husband, mother-in-law and three children in Rafah’s Tel Sultan neighborhood, at the Rafah Girls School, which is run by the UN agency for Palestine refugees (UNRWA).
After a few hours of rain, the roof of the tent sank, and water poured into their tent.
Four other families faced the same flooding. They all went inside the school, to a back hallway.
She had no change of clothes for her and her three children.
The al-Najjar family was displaced from Gaza City’s Tel al-Hawa neighborhood on 25 October, after Israeli shelling of the area intensified. The family left the home with barely any belongings and did not know where they would go.
They walked on foot for 10 kilometers toward Rafah, until a truck picked them up.
Now, at the school in Rafah, she waited hours for the inside of the tent to dry.
“The cold is still intensifying every night inside the tent,” she said. “I sat down and looked at my kids and cried, we have no bedding and no clothes.”
She said that every night they have a “family circle,” and “every family puts their children in so that they get a little warmth.”
“Every morning the children cry from the cold,” she said. “My child Adam [5 years old] has had diarrhea for two days because of the water shortage and the cold.”
Ten members of the al-Najjar family, including Iman’s mother and four siblings, were killed in Israeli attacks.
“I cannot grieve or think when facing such cold,” she said. “We are now staying inside the UNRWA school and waiting for the management of the shelter center to find a place for us.”
“All of us are cold”
Ahmed Soboh, 50, is sheltering at the same school as the al-Najjar family. He was displaced along with his family three weeks ago from Jabaliya refugee camp in the northern Gaza Strip.
His tent has collapsed twice due to high winds over the past couple of days.
He has six children and seven grandchildren, all of whom are in dire need of winter clothing, especially since their current clothing is torn.
“I don’t have any socks, and even the sandals that don’t protect me from the cold are worn out,” he said. “All of us are cold.”
They fill bottles with rainwater to drink, but they are still thirsty.
Trying to meet basic needs
More than 1 million displaced Palestinians are sheltering in 156 UNRWA facilities in the Gaza Strip.
The Soboh family, like so many other families who were forcibly displaced by Israeli attacks, did not even consider that they would be away from their homes for so long. Therefore they did not pack essential belongings or clothing for winter.
Bilal Atwa, 35, did not even have time to pack clothing for his three children when his family evacuated. They left their home after their neighbor’s house was bombed.
Atwa and his family are currently sheltering in an empty shop in Khan Younis with 35 other individuals. They were forcibly displaced by Israeli attacks on Gaza City’s al-Karama neighborhood on 1 November.
When the temperatures began to drop, families searched for additional clothing to keep warm. But merchants who sell used clothing have told them that there is a shortage.
It is difficult to sleep due to the cold, Atwa said.
“I hold my children’s hands every day until I give them a little warmth, or I massage them a little so they feel warm.”
“For the first time,” he said, “my child is saying she is scared even though she is with me.”
Atwa only wants to meet his children’s basic needs and to protect them from hunger and the cold.
Amjad Ayman Yaghi is a journalist based in Gaza.
https://countercurrents.org/2023/11/more-than-1-million-now-taking-shelter-in-un-facilities-in-gaza/
Informed Comment – November 29, 2023
The Gaza crisis has exposed the bankruptcy of the UN
and international humanitarian law, threatening a rules-based order
By Hilal Cibik
Gaza has been enduring one of the most devastating massacres in this century. The Strip has been under blockade for two decades, and the world has recently witnessed some of the bloodiest days in the region’s history. On October 7th, following a horrific terrorist attack by Hamas on Israel that took some 1200 lives and made over 200 people hostages, Prime Minister Netanyahu declared, “We are at war.” He initiated a “military operation” that, despite its putative targeting of the Hamas cadres, has had a much more severe impact on thousands of Palestinian civilians. He cut off potable water, electricity, fuel and food. Charges of war crimes against Israel have been discussed by the UN, as the Israeli military has thumbed its nose at International Humanitarian Law (IHL), which makes attacks on hospitals and schools off-limits under most circumstances. Additionally, Israel has bombed refugee camps, churches, and mosques, leaving Palestinian noncombatants with no safe place. If these actions by Israel raise important questions regarding its compliance with international law, they also raise concerns about the effectiveness of the United Nations in addressing the crisis.
The Ineffectiveness of International Law and Peace Institutions
For decades, the Gaza Strip has been a hotbed of conflict and tension. 2.3 million residents (about twice the population of Hawaii) live in this small 41 kilometers (about 25.48 mi) long and between 6- and 12-kilometers wide enclave. Already trapped in one of the most densely populated areas on earth, its inhabitants have endured countless hardships Yet, despite countless resolutions, diplomatic negotiations, and the formation of international bodies dedicated to maintaining peace and security, nothing has changed for the people of Gaza. The international community’s response to the Gaza crisis has been a glaring example of the insufficiency and ineffectiveness of international law and peace and security institutions such as the United Nations. The current humanitarian pause is a mere band aid on a potentially mortal wound.
The United Nations, which is the most important institution established for peace and security after the global horrors of WW II, appears to be powerless when it comes to the Gaza crisis. The countless past resolutions condemning the violence and calling for an end to hostilities have done little to change the situation on the ground. The Israeli government is vowing to start back up its devastating bombardment of the refugees later this week.
Even during the current pause, the delivery of humanitarian aid remains insufficient. Some 500 trucks of aid entered the Strip daily before the current conflict, and less than a hundred per day are entering these days. The people of Gaza, already dealing with the consequences of long campaigns of total war that have put noncombatants in the crosshairs, face additional suffering because of the inability of international institutions to ensure that aid reaches those in desperate need.
The Gaza crisis serves as a reminder of the limitations of international institutions and the pressing need for reform. It is time to question whether the current framework for maintaining international peace and security is equipped to address protracted conflicts in the 21st century. If the United Nations cannot even establish a reliable international aid corridor for one of the most vulnerable populations in the world, how can we expect them to address more complex global crises effectively?
The international community must acknowledge the reality that international human rights law and the United Nations has not lived up to its intended purpose in the Gaza crisis. To be truly effective, international peace and security institutions such as the United Nations must be reevaluated and reformed to meet the demands of the modern world. The suffering of the people of Gaza serves as a grim testament to the inadequacy of the current system. It is time for change, and it is time to address the critical issue of an international aid corridor for Gaza as a starting point for broader reform.
Time to Revisit United Nations Decision Making Procedure?
As widely acknowledged, the United Nations Security Council bestows veto power upon its five permanent members. There exists a compelling argument for reexamining this veto privilege, particularly in the realm of humanitarian assistance. The United Nations serves as a global organization committed to upholding world peace, security, and facilitation of economic, social, and cultural collaboration among nations. A pressing concern arises when the veto power, wielded by these permanent members, extends its reach to include humanitarian aid decisions, as when the U.S. rejected any call for a ceasefire or the firm establishment of humanitarian corridors. This gives rise to a fundamental question: How can the United Nations effectively pursue its mission to address humanitarian crises and maintain global peace if the deployment of the veto power can impede crucial humanitarian initiatives? Even the overwhelming vote of the UN General Assembly in favor of a humanitarian pause was summarily sidelined by the United States.
It is imperative to contemplate a revision of the Security Council’s decision-making process concerning the enforcement of humanitarian law, with an emphasis on rendering these decisions not just declaratory but also legally binding and coercive. Without binding resolutions, the United Nations’ ability to accomplish its mission is severely hindered, and even changes in the Security Council’s composition would yield a limited impact. Collaborating closely with the International Criminal Court may emerge as one of the most potent steps forward in this context. Enforcing the termination of ongoing atrocities as a prerequisite for achieving justice and lasting peace is a necessary approach to securing global peace and security.
The persistent atrocities in Gaza have evoked significant international outrage and eroded the trust placed in the United Nations, an organization founded on the principles of upholding global peace and security. Given that the UN’s response has so often been inadequate – in Ukraine, Syria and now Gaza — it is incumbent upon the organization to undertake structural reforms aimed at preserving its credibility and realizing its fundamental mission.
Hilal Cibik is a PhD student in constitutional law at the University of Exeter. She holds a master's degree in International Law and Global Justice program from the University of Sheffield and wrote her dissertation on the expansion of judicial review in the UK. Her study area is constitution, constitutionalism, the judiciary, populism and human rights.
https://www.juancole.com/2023/11/international-humanitarian-threatening.html
Countercurrent – November 29, 2023
Yemen’s Socotra Archipelago:
The UAE’s Occupation and Destruction of a World Heritage Site
by Mouna Hashem & Martha Mundy
The United Arab Emirates is destroying the biodiversity of a Yemeni archipelago.
Environmental destruction entails two intertwined processes: climate change and the destruction of biodiversity, which mutually reinforce each other. Both are human-caused. Climate change is not the lead driver of biodiversity loss; it is human overexploitation of natural resources and habitat destruction.
Protecting biodiversity protects against climate change. Nowhere is the fragile nature of biodiversity better illustrated than the archipelago of Socotra in the Republic of Yemen, designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Nature Site in 2008.
Socotra: An Outpost of Biodiversity
The Socotra archipelago consists of four islands (Socotra, Abd al-Kuri, Darsa, Samha) and two rock islets. Lying 200 miles from the mainland coast of Yemen, It is recognized as one of the world’s five most biodiverse islands with an Outstanding Universal Value due to its unique flora and fauna. Thirty-seven percent of its 825 plants are native to the island; Socotra hosts 11 unique bird species; 90 percent of its reptile species and 95 percent of its land snail species are found only on the archipelago; its diverse marine life includes 253 reef-building corals and 730 species of coastal fish. All component areas of Socotra have been granted legal environmental protection on both land and surrounding sea by the World Heritage Committee (WHC).
Inhabitants of the archipelago, dwelling mainly on the Abdul al-Kuri and Socotra islands, have led a simple way of life, depending primarily on herding or fishing for their livelihood.
Socotra is already threatened by climate change, as evident from droughts impacting its rare biodiversity and the two cyclones in 2015 causing severe human, environmental, and infrastructural damage. The recovery effort after the cyclones was spearheaded by the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The desperately needed assistance proved, however, to be a dual-edged sword.
The Rescuer With Ulterior Motives
The UAE sent humanitarian aid to Socotra, repaired schools, hospitals, housing, roads, and water systems, and set up health centers. The WHC was concerned about the damage created by the cyclones and the repairs to be undertaken. They requested the Yemen Environment Protection Authority (EPA) to ensure that repairs abide by the World Heritage Operational Guidelines, the road network not be expanded, and the restoration of the damaged seaport be limited to its previous state. All repair plans were to be approved by the WHC before any decisions were made or implemented.
At first, the inhabitants of Socotra appreciated the UAE’s assistance; however, they soon began to observe that the UAE, a key member in the Saudi-led coalition war on Yemen, was expanding its military presence in Socotra. UAE officials started to visit the island frequently. Military cargo planes arrived with tanks, armored vehicles, and troops, although Socotra was not involved in the armed conflicts of the war.
The UAE, likewise, expanded the island’s only airport at the capital city, Hadibo, built military bases, and installed several telecommunication towers and two signals intelligence (SIGINT) systems. The UAE’s ambition in the occupation of Socotra is to dominate the surrounding strategic maritime shipping routes and establish a tourism industry. Its occupation violates Yemeni sovereignty under international law and the 1972 World Heritage Convention.
The UAE authorities sacked the governor of Socotra and the EPA chairman, replacing them with individuals loyal to the Emirates, replaced Yemeni soldiers guarding the airport and seaport with UAE soldiers, assigned a UAE representative to the island, and substituted UAE flags with those of the Republic of Yemen. In 2019, the U.S. government sent troops to install Patriot missiles in Socotra at the request of the UAE.
Disrupting Socotra
The UAE has dramatically disrupted the way of life for those living on the archipelago.
For example, in Abd al-Kuri, the majority of the residents were forcefully deported to convert the island into a UAE military base—a violation of international humanitarian law and a war crime. On Socotra, the largest island in the archipelago, the UAE has encouraged inhabitants to sell their homes, promising the owners residency and work permits in the UAE.
According to outside observers, foreign occupiers have disrupted the lives of the inhabitants by militarization and unsustainable development. Hadibo is being transformed by the construction of buildings in concrete and cement without regard for traditional building practices or the environment and the necessary public services such as adequate waste management.
Similarly, the UAE’s activities risk the biodiversity of sea life along the coastline and the surrounding seas of the archipelago. Oval coral stones from the coastline and red granite from the wadis (valleys) are used to construct walls around plots of land purchased on the coast by investors from the Gulf states. Such activities ignore the conservation zoning plan, damage the landscape, and threaten soil erosion on the coastline and wadis during the rainy season. In contempt of WHC specifications, the UAE has expanded the seaport at Hadibo to receive warships delivering arms to the island and commercial fishing ships to load large amounts of catch for sale internationally marketed as fish from the UAE.
At the same time, UAE authorities have prohibited local fishermen from fishing near the seaport, denying them a livelihood. Ignoring the warnings of the WHC, the UAE has imported pesticides, palm trees, seeds, and invasive species, actions that threaten Socotra’s biodiversity.
According to the Socotra UN Zoning Plan, 2000, Article 10: “Importing seeds, seedlings, pesticides, or fertilizers into the Socotra islands is prohibited unless the responsible authorities have conducted the necessary analysis and examination and issued permits in coordination with the council.” A prerequisite of tourism development on a World Heritage Site is the completion of an independent Environmental Impact Assessment. The UAE has not abided by this requirement and has, in fact, been bulldozing land to build high-rise hotels for tourism, marketing Socotra as an adventure vacation site, and facilitating flights from Abu Dhabi for tourists on visas issued by the UAE. Several decades ago, the UAE had plans to turn Socotra into a tourist investment, but the Yemeni government rejected their proposals. Now, the UAE is seizing the opportunity to implement those plans.
The UAE claims that its activities constitute long-term development projects under the Khalifa Bin Zayed Al Nahyan Foundation; their actions, however, infringe on the international legal status of Socotra as a World Heritage Site and its conservation zoning plan. Paragraph 98 of the Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention states: “Legislative and regulatory measures at national and local levels should assure the protection of the property from social, economic, and other pressures or changes that might negatively impact the Outstanding Universal Value, including the integrity and/or authenticity of the property.”
Many inhabitants have demonstrated against the UAE occupation and have been jailed in “unofficial detention facilities” operated by the UAE on the island. The residents have also lodged complaints with the Yemeni exiled government in Riyadh concerning the UAE’s looting and destroying the island’s natural resources, notably uprooting rare plants and trees, capturing rare birds for export and sale in the UAE, and removing ancient stones from archaeological sites and settlements.
The population of Hadibo has increased significantly, not only with the arrival of Yemenis from the mainland fleeing the war but also as a result of an influx of Indian and Pakistani nationals brought by the UAE as labor. In response to complaints by residents, Saudi forces arrived in Socotra in 2019 to curtail UAE activities. They, too, disregarded the World Heritage operational guidelines, building their own telecommunication tower and a military base and converting the EPA office into their headquarters. Tensions over Socotra remain between the Saudi-led Coalition partners.
Ironically, the president for COP28 designated by the UAE, Sultan Ahmed Al Jaber, who is the UAE Minister for Industry and Advanced Technology and chief executive of ADNOC (Abu Dhabi National Oil Company), emphasized at the Petersburg Climate Dialogue in Berlin (May 2023), the need to broaden the “definition of adaptation to enable global climate resilience, transform food systems, and enhance forestry, land use, and water management.”
But in practice, as noted above, the UAE flouts such principles and is home to ADNOC, the seventh-largest oil company worldwide. Al Jaber has gone so far as to argue that the previous COP summits failed to make significant progress because the fossil fuel industry was ignored. “Whether we like it or not, the world will continue to need [fossil fuels],” he said, even as he asserted that his focus was to “phase out emissions” from every source. Presumably, if anyone raises the question about the UAE activities in Socotra, Al-Jaber will find a similar soothing answer for the destruction of its biodiversity.
Mouna Hashem, PhD, is an international development consultant with extensive experience evaluating development programs and policies at UN agencies (the United Nations Development Program, UNICEF, the International Labor Organization) and other organizations, including the International Committee of the Red Cross, and the World Bank, among others. She is also a researcher on Yemen’s socioeconomic and political development. Her writings encompass a range of issues related to governance, poverty alleviation, and development. She is a contributor to the Observatory.
Martha Mundy is a professor emerita of anthropology at the London School of Economics. She began her research career in northern Yemen (1973-77), then taught in Jordan, Lebanon, France, the United States, and the United Kingdom. In 2011-12, she returned to Yemen to work with agronomists on agrarian transformation. Since the start of the war in 2015, she has examined the impact of policy and war on Yemen’s rural society and food systems, including authoring the report “The Strategies of the Coalition in the Yemen War” (World Peace Foundation, Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, 2018). She is a contributor to the Observatory.
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The Journal of America Team:
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